Censorship of Literature in Post-War Poland: In Light of the Confidential Bulletins for Censors from 1945 to 1956

The author’s focus on a relatively neglected field of censorship research – the bulletins – and attempt to provide a systematic account of their role and nature marks the key innovative aspect of the work. I deeply appreciate and admire the colossal labour that the author has undertaken to produce the text, especially in the extremely difficult circumstances that we have had to endure these past two years. Dr. John M. Bates University of Glasgow The reviewed publication will enable foreign readers to get an insight into how the system of control and repression operated in Poland during the Stalinist era. Furthermore, it will familiarize them with the history of Poland, including Polish literature of that period. Prof. Kamila Kamińska-Chełminiak University of Warsaw Wiśniewska-Grabarczyk’s monograph is based on rich source material and is of great intellectual value. The publication of the book in English will further research on communist censorship in Central and Eastern Europe in the context of comparative analysis. Prof. Sławomir Buryła University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn

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INTRODUCTION 11 Some Remarks about Censorship in Poland in the Years 1944–1990 11 Research Assumptions 13 State of the Art 17 Source Material 20 Rules for Presenting the Material 23 PART ONE. IN SEARCH OF A DEFINITION: WHAT WERE THE CONFIDENTIAL BULLETINS FOR CENSORS? CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOURCE MATERIAL 25 1. The Purpose of Creating a Confidential Periodical for Censors 27 2. The Censor as the Co-Author of Bulletins for Censors 31 3. Characteristics of the Source Material and the Issue of the Bulletin’s Identity 43 4. The Bulletin for Censors as a Cryptotext. A Defi ion of the Genre 51 PART TWO. LITERATURE AND CURRENT LITERARY PHENOMENA 55 I. Fiction 57 1. The Censor’s Struggle with the Text. Some Preliminary Remarks 57 1.1. Literary and Cultural Issues on the Pages of the Bulletins 57 1.2. The Censorship of Fiction 60 1.3. The Specifics of Book Inspection 68 2. Competition for a Censorship Review of Wanda Wasilewska’s Novel Rzeki Płoną 73 3. Poetry 83 3.1. How to Review Poetry Selections? Ginczanka, Hollender, Słonimski, Ważyk, and an Unknown Red Army Man 83 3.2. An Evaluation of the Poetic Publications Printed by the “Czytelnik” Publishing Cooperative in 1951 100 3.3. On the Works of Kazimiera Iłłakowiczówna 110 3.4. On a Discussion of the Poem “Oskarżam” by Mikołaj Rostworowski 120 3.5. Other Poetic Works Discussed in the Bulletins: (Not Only) Norwid, Pasternak, Lenin, Mayakovsky, and Jasieński 127 4. Prose Works 131 4.1. How to Review Select Prose? Nałkowska, Borowski, and Bartelski 131 4.2. Books Selected for Discussion in Censorship Offices Between 1952 and 1956 146 4.2.1. Titles Selected for Discussion in Censorship Offices in 1952: (Not Only) Kuśmierek and Czeszko 149 4.2.2. Books Selected for Discussion in Censorship Offices in 1953 167 4.2.3. Books Selected for Discussion in Censorship Offices in 1954: (Not Only) Brzeziński, Kuśmierek, Kubalski, and Promiński 168 4.2.4. Books Selected for Discussion in Censorship Offices in 1955: (Not Only) Kowalewski, Dróżdż-Satanowska, Stadnicki, and Bednorz 175 4.2.5. Titles Selected for Discussion in Censorship Offices in 1956: (Not Only) Andrzejewski, Rudnicki, and Flaszen 184 4.3. Books Discussed as Part of the Series For a Higher Level of Work on the Book: (Not Only) Nałkowska, Czeszko, Lacis, Meisner, and Jackiewicz 192 4.4. Other Prose Works Discussed in the Bulletins: (Not Only) Sowińska, Koźniewski, Strumph-Wojtkiewicz, Gil, Zalewski, Bocheński, Bartelski, Dębnicki, Dobraczyński, and Żeromski 202 5. Dramatic Works 211 6. Satirical Works 217 7. Children’s and Young Adult Literature 231 8. Literature and Discussions of the “Thaw” 251 9. Censorship According to Publisher: (Not Only) “Czytelnik” 257 10. Literary and Cultural Issues in the Press 269 II. Non-fiction 277 1. Scientific and Popular Science Publications 277 1.1. Scientific and Popular Science Publications in the Humanities 278 1.1.1. Publications in the Field of Literature (and Culture) 278 1.2. Scientific Publications in the Social Sciences 282 1.3. Scientific and Popular Science Publications in Engineering and Technology 282 2. Periodic Reports on the Book Market 285 III. Other Topics Related to the Supervision of the Word 291 PART THREE. “CAMERA CENSORICA.” WHAT ELSE WAS DISCUSSED IN THE BULLETINS? 307 I. Other Problems Raised in the Bulletins 309 II. Before the Proper Summary, or… the Censor as an Artist: The Literary Work of the Functionaries of “Mysia Street and Its Environs” 325 SUMMARY 329 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 333 INDEX OF FIGURES AND TABLES 335 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 339 BIBLIOGRAPHY 341 Subject literature 341 List of Authors and Works Documented in the Bulletins for Censors from 1945–1956 (Selection) 342 List of the Bulletins for Censors and Biblioteczki Biuletynu Informacyjno-Instrukcyjnego GUKPPiW 347 Literary Texts, Journalism (Literary and Film Criticism, Interviews, etc.), Made Before 1945 350 Literary Texts, Journalism (Literary and Film Criticism, Interviews, etc.), Radio Programs and Films Made Between 1945–1956 350 Literary Texts, Journalism (Literary and Film Criticism, Interviews, etc.), Radio Programs and Films Made Between 1957–1990 355 Literary Texts, Journalism (Literary and Film Criticism, Interviews, etc.), Radio Programs and Films Made After 1990 356 Scholarly and Popular Science Texts 358 Other Archival Sources 370 Electronic Sources 371 Legal Acts 371 Author’s e-mail correspondence 372