Switching effects

• Druk: Warszawa, 2021
• Autor: Franciszek Krok, Krystian Roleder, Krzysztof S. Szot
• Wydawca: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN

The oxides, especially the transition metal oxides, are a most important class of inorganic materials, being enormously interesting for basic research in solid-state physics, surface physics, defect chemistry, electrochemistry, and catalysis, to mention a few. Moreover, the practical application of these materials each year increases tremendously. This ranges from nano-electronics as the main component of resistive switching devices in neuronal networks, micro-electro-mechanical systems known as MEMS, and in ultrasonic transducers with outputs of many kilowatts, to catalysis in industrial processes. This book is a kind of breakthrough in the analysis of the variability of the physical and chemical properties of transition metal oxides. The intention of the authors is not only to link switching to the influence of different macroscopic stimuli on order parameters in ferroics such as spontaneous polarization, spontaneous strain or magnetization, but to show that switching originates at the nanoscale and can be treated as a low-size phenomenon. That is why this book presents surface sensitive methods such as LCAFM, PFM, KPFM, by means of which switching processes are investigated at the nanoscale. In particular, the transport phenomena along filaments inside oxides are described in detail and analyzed through resistive switching mechanisms from the semiconducting to the metallic state.

• Kategorie:
  1. Ebooki i Audiobooki »
  2. Ebooki »
  3. Ebooki popularnonaukowe i specjalistyczne »
  4. Fizyka i astronomia
• Język wydania: polski
• ISBN: 978-83-01-21695-5
• ISBN druku: 978-83-012-1316-9
• Liczba stron: 500

Introduction   11
1. An Introduction to the Crystal Structures of Oxide Perovskites 13
	1.1. Atomic Displacements  15
	1.2. Octahedral Tilting 23
	1.3. Distortion Modes 25
References 28
2. Growth of ABO3 and BO2 Crystals  30
	2.1. Theory of Crystal Growth   30
		2.1.1. Equilibrium Conditions  30
	2.2. Phase Diagrams of Model Oxides. Major Challenges in Crystal Growth of Stoichiometric Oxide Crystals 33
		2.2.1. Gibbs Phase Rule   33
		2.2.2. Phase Diagrams   34
		2.2.3. Nonstoichiometric Oxides  34
	2.3. Techniques of Growth of Selected Binary and Ternary Oxide Crystals 35
	2.4. Typical Methods for Evaluation of Quality of Oxide Crystals   40
		2.4.1. Stoichiometric TiO2 41
		2.4.2. Perovskite Structure 41
References 46
3. Defect Chemistry in Binary and Ternary Metal Oxides  51
	3.1. Introduction   51
	3.2. Imperfect Crystals 52
	3.3. Quasi-chemical Defect Reactions  53
	3.4. Types of Point Defects  54
	3.5. Thermodynamic Approach   54
	3.6. Nonstoichiometry 57
	3.7. Aggregations of Point Defects and Extended Defects 58
	3.8. Ideal Point Defect Model   61
		3.8.1. Case of Ni1–yO  61
		3.8.2. Case of BaTiO3–y   64
		3.8.3. Case of Zirconia-based Materials 67
		3.8.4. Defect Structure of YSZ  72
	3.9. Debye-Hückel Defect Model 73
		3.9.1. Co1–yO Case 73
	3.10. Cluster Model   77
		3.10.1. Defect Clustering in the Wustite Phase   77
	3.11. Crystallographic Shearing   80
	3.12. Defect Structure of Titanium Dioxide   81
		3.12.1. Extended Defects in TiO2  85
	3.13. Hydrogen Defects 86
Acknowledgements   87
References 87
4. Self-Polarization of Ferroelectric Thin Films and Its Influence on the Film Properties 92
	4.1. Introduction   93
	4.2. Free Energy Functional 94
	4.3. Renormalized Free Energy and Properties for One Component Polarization P = PZ 96
	4.4. The Influence of Built-in Electric Field on the Properties of Ferroelectric Thin Films for the Case P = PZ  99
	4.5. Phase Diagrams with Electret State and Properties for the Case of Three Polarization Components  103
	4.6. Comparison with Experiment and Summary of Sec. 5 Results  114
Conclusion 117
References 118
5. Lattice Dynamics of Perovskite Oxides   120
	5.1. Introduction   120
	5.2. Early Attempts to Model Ferroelectric Perovskites 121
	5.3. Polarizability Effects in Perovskites   124
	5.4. The Polarizability Model for Perovskites 126
	5.5. Applications of the Model   131
	5.6. Precursor Effects to the Phase Transitions 137
Conclusions 146
References 147
6. Metrology and Measurement Techniques 151
	6.1. Electrical Properties of Nanoscale Solids 151
		6.1.1. Measurement of Electrical and Magnetic Material Properties 152
		6.1.2. The Piezoelectric Effect  163
	6.2. Design of Measurement Setups  166
		6.2.1. General Considerations  166
		6.2.2. Active Amplifier Circuits  169
		6.2.3. Measurement Methods for Ferroelectric Properties   172
		6.2.4. Laser Interferometers 183
References   188
7. Multiferroics 190
	7.1. Abstract 190
	7.2. Introduction   190
	7.3. A Brief History of Magnetoelectrics and Multiferroics  191
	7.4. Symmetries and Orderings in Multiferroics  192
	7.5. Theory of Magnetoelectric Coupling in Multiferroics 193
	7.6. Magnetoelectric Multiferroics 200
Acknowledgements   218
References 218
8. Electronic Correlations and Metal-Insulator Transitions  223
	8.1. Introduction: The Meaning of Localization – Delocalization
Transitions in Solids with Examples   223
		8.1.1. Crystallization of Liquid 3He as Mott-Hubbard Transition 223
		8.1.2. Localization-Delocalization Transition of Ultracold Atoms   225
		8.1.3. Metal-Insulator Transition in Doped V2O3 226
	8.2. Elementary Approach to the Metal-Insulator (Mott-Hubbard) Transitions  228
		8.2.1. Normal metal as a Landau Fermi liquid: basic characteristics  228
		8.2.2. Mott-Wigner Criterion of Localization   230
		8.2.3. 8.2.3 Localization on the Lattice: Hubbard Model   232
		8.2.4. Quantitative Discussion of the Metal-Insulator Transition 233
		8.2.5. Quasiparticle Representation of Correlated-Electron System and the Phase Diagram  236
		8.2.6. Mott-Hubbard Localization in Correlated Nanoscopic Systems 241
	8.3. Concluding Remarks  244
Acknowledgment  244
References 244
9. Nature of the Insulator-Metal Transition in Transition Metal Oxides Induced by Chemical Defects – Deviation from Stoichiometry and Electrochemical Alkaline Intercalation   245
	9.1. Insulator-Metal Transition in Transition Metal Oxides Induced by Deviation from Stoichiometry  247
	9.2. Insulator-Metal Transition in Transition Metal Oxides Induced by Electrochemical Alkaline Intercalation/Deintercalation 272
		9.2.1. LixCoO2  276
		9.2.2. NaxCoO2-y 285
Acknowledgements   295
References 296
10. Structural Transformation of the SrTiO3 Surface Region due to Electric Fields at Ambient Temperature 299
	10.1. Modifications and Equilibrium of the SrTiO3 Structure 300
		10.1.1. Compositional Changes: the Quasi-binary System SrO–TiO2 300
		10.1.2. Stability of SrO(SrTiO3)n Ruddlesden-Popper Phases   303
		10.1.3. A Look at Symmetry and Property Tensors 304
		10.1.4. Chemical Modifications Beyond the Ternary Composition  306
	10.2. Electric-field Induced Ionic Transport and Anisotropy in SrTiO3 307
		10.2.1. Electroformation   308
		10.2.2. Redistribution of Ionic Species 310
	10.3. Evidence for Structural Transformations and Related Models   312
		10.3.1. Structural Transitions due to Application of an Electric Field  312
		10.3.2. The Occurence of Ruddlesden-Popper Phases  313
		10.3.3. The Migration-Induced Field-Stabilized Polar (MFP) Phase   314
	10.4. Modification of SrTiO3 Properties and Related Applications   317
		10.4.1. Oxygen Vacancies and Conductivity  318
		10.4.2. Mechanical Properties 319
		10.4.3. Magnetism 321
		10.4.4. Pyroelectricity  321
		10.4.5. Piezoelectricity  323
		10.4.6. Resistive Switching 325
		10.4.7. All-Solid-State All-in-One Battery  326
		10.4.8. Further Applications 326
	10.5. Conclusion  327
Acknowledgment  328
References 329
11. Chemical Transformation of SrTiO3 Surface Region Exposed to High Temperature and Other Factors   336
	11.1. Introduction   336
	11.2. Investigated Crystals  339
	11.3. Possible Surface Reconstructions of STO 340
	11.4. Methods of Surface Studies 341
	11.5. Thermal Treatment 341
	11.6. Surface Modification upon Vacuum and Exposure to X-Rays and Electron Beam 348
	11.7. Ion Sputtering   351
	11.8. Deposition of Metals  354
	11.9. Mechanical Stress and Defects 355
Summary   356
References   357
12. Chemical Transformation of TiO2 Surface Region Exposed to High Temperature and Different Chemical Activity of Oxygen 359
Acknowledgements   375
References 375
13. From Electroformation to Resistive Switching in Single Crystals of Strontium Titanate: How SrTiO3 Can Be Transformed into a Metallic State Using Electrical Stimuli   378
	13.1. Introduction   378
	13.2. Resistive Switching – General Information  381
	13.3. Some Theoretical Considerations  386
		13.3.1. Methods for the Calculation of the Electronic Structure 388
		13.3.2. Trends Observed from DFT Calculations   393
	13.4. Electroforming of Non-conducting (Insulating) SrTiO3 Crystals   394
		13.4.1. Electrical Characterization During Electroformation   394
		13.4.2. Oxygen Evolution During Electroformation 399
		13.4.3. Spatial Inhomogeneity of the Electroformation Process and Filamentary Structures  402
	13.5. Model 410
References 417
14. Crystallographic Structure, Electronic Structure, and Chemical Composition on the Nanoscale: Important Role of the SPM, LEED, Photoemission Investigations for the Analysis of the Crystal Geometry, Electronic Structure and Diffusion Phenomena on the Surface of Model Oxides  420
Acknowledgements   437
References 437
15. Investigations of Local Thermal Properties by SThM Microscopy 439
	15.1. Scanning Thermal Microscopy: Principle, Equipment, Operation Modes 440
	15.2. Thermal Imaging: Temperature and Conductivity Contrast Measurements   445
	15.3. Quantitative Thermal Measurements with SThM Equipment – Potentialities and Limitations 448
	15.4. Methods for Improvements of Sensitivity and Stability of Thermal Measurements Using Batch Fabricated Thermal Probes 453
	15.5. Determination of the Thermal Conductivity of Submicron Layers on Thick Substrates   458
	15.6. Application of Qualitative and Quantitative SThM Measurements in Investigation of Perovskites (Thin Films, Bicrystals) 460
Acknowledgements   462
References 463
16. Studying the Local Redox Processes on Transition Metal Oxides Surfaces Using Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy  466
	16.1. Introduction   466
	16.2. Principles of Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy  468
		16.2.1. Basics of KPFM Operation   468
		16.2.2. Forces in Atomic Force Microscopy  469
		16.2.3. Technical Realization of KPFM 472
		16.2.4. Limits of Resolutions in KPFM 474
	16.3. Local Surface Potential of Oxide Metal Surfaces upon Reduction and Oxidation Processes   478
		16.3.1. Titanium Dioxide TiO2(110) Surface  478
		16.3.2. Strontium Titanate SrTiO3(100) Surface   484
	16.4. Summary  491
Acknowledgements   492
References 492