Ocular Oncology
“Ocular Oncology” reflects a broad scope of expertise based on many years of work of the Authors. It is worth pointing out that all the Authors are eminent and internationally recognized specialists in
ophthalmic oncology, who shared their experience with the readers.
The book's great didactic value are numerous illustrations such as color photographs, photographs in infrared light and autofluorescence, ultrasound examinations and optical coherence tomography as well as fluorescein and indocyanine angiography. The publication is a unique proposition for ophthalmologists, oncologists, oncological surgeons, radiotherapists and residents specializing in described topics. The book is also available in Polish language.
Książka „Onkologia okulistyczna” jest odzwierciedleniem wieloletniej pracy i ogromnej wiedzy autorów – wybitnych międzynarodowych specjalistów – wnikliwych znawców tematu, którzy starali się przekazać swoją wiedzę czytelnikom. Ogromną wartość dydaktyczną książki stanowią bardzo liczne ryciny: barwne fotografie, fotografie w świetle bezczerwiennym i autofluorescencji, badania ultrasonograficzne i optycznej koherentnej tomografii oraz angiografia fluoresceinowa i indocjaninowa).
Publikacja to unikatowa propozycja dla okulistów, onkologów, chirurgów onkologicznych, radioterapeutów i studentów wiążących swoją przyszłość z tymi specjalizacjami. Jest dostępna również w języku polskim.
Abbreviations XVI
1. History of ocular tumor radiotherapy in Krakow – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 1
2. Genetic aspects of ocular tumours – Jakub Khzouz, Sarah E. Coupland 11
Introduction 11
Eyelid cancers 11
Basal cell carcinoma 11
Sebaceous carcinoma 13
Merkel cell carcinoma 14
Conjunctival cancers 15
Conjunctival squamous carcinoma and pre-invasive lesions 15
Conjunctival melanoma 17
Conjunctival lymphomas 18
Intraocular cancers 19
Medulloepithelioma 19
Retinoblastoma 20
Uveal melanoma 22
Vitreoretinal Lymphoma 23
Summary 24
3. Immunology of ocular tumors – Martine J. Jager, Jinfeng Cao 27
Introduction 27
Immune checkpoint inhibitors 27
Uveal melanoma: effect of checkpoint inhibitors 28
Other therapies 29
Presence of inflammation in UM 29
Phenotype-genotype comparisons 29
Comparison to other tumors 30
Conjunctival melanoma 31
Side effects of treatment 32
Conclusions 32
4. Eyelid tumors – Joshua Ford, Bita Esmaeli 35
Introduction 35
Overview of eyelid malignancies 36
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) 36
Squamous cell carcinoma 37
Sebaceous carcinoma (SebC) 37
Periocular sweat gland carcinoma 38
Merkel cell carcinoma 38
Malignant hair follicle carcinoma 39
Eyelid melanoma 39
American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging (TNM) of eyelid malignancies 40
Surgical management 40
Basal cell carcinoma 40
Squamous cell and sebaceous cell carcinoma 40
Eyelid melanoma 41
Merkel cell 41
Sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) 41
Adjuvant therapies 42
Topical therapies – Imiquimod (Aldara) 42
Targeted therapies 42
BRAF targeted therapy (vemurafenib, sorafenib, debrafenib) 43
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (pembrolizumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab, 43
Other therapies 44
Summary 44
5. Conjunctival tumors – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 49
Benign conjunctival tumors 50
Vascular lesions of the 60
Pigmented 69
Congenital and acquired melanosis 70
Malignant conjunctival tumors 76
Conjunctival squamous intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN; also termed C-SIN) 76
Invasive conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) 76
Conjunctival melanoma 80
Lymphoid tumors 90
Metastatic tumors 94
Secondary conjunctival tumors 95
Differential diagnosis of conjunctival tumors 95
Conclusion 102
6. Uveal tumors 105
Iris cyst – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 105
Uveal nevi and melanoma – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 123
Iris nevus 124
Iris melanoma 140
Iris metastases 161
Ciliary body tumors – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 166
Ciliary body cyst 166
Ciliary body and peripheral choroidal melanoma 168
Ciliary body metastases 175
Ciliary body adenoma and ciliary body adenocarcinoma 176
Differential diagnosis of ciliary body tumors 176
Choroidal tumors 181
Choroidal hemangioma – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 181
Choroidal osteoma – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 201
Sclero-choroidal calcifications – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 211
Choroidal pigmented tumors – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska, Izabella Karska-Basta 215
Management of ciliary body and/or choroidal melanoma 277
Surgical treatment – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Agnieszka Kubicka-Trząska 277
Endoresection of choroidal melanoma – Agnieszka Kubicka-Trząska 277
Exoresection – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon 282
Enucleation – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 285
Radiotherapy – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 295
Prediction of metastatic disease in patients with choroidal melanoma – Bertil 314
Intraocular metastases – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 317
Introduction 317
Diagnosis 318
Treatment 319
Examples of intraocular metastases 320
Leukemia – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 339
7. Differential diagnosis of intraocular tumors – Barbara Jakubowska, Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Izabella Karska-Basta 347
Use of optical coherence tomography in a differential diagnosis of uveal tumor 353
Lesions masquerading as uveal melanoma 361
Use of indocyanine angiography in a differential diagnosis of uveal tumors 365
8. Retinal tumors – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska, Joanna Kobylarz 369
Retinal tumors – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 369
Retinal glioma – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 384
Retinoblastoma – Joanna Kobylarz, Bożena Romanowska-Dixon 408
Introduction 408
Pathogenesis 408
Symptoms 408
Diagnosis 410
Clinical manifestation 413
Classification 415
Treatment 417
Post-treatment management 421
Prophylaxis 422
Summary 423
Intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma – Christina Stathopoulos, Carol L. Shields 423
Congenital hypertrophy of RPE (CHRPE) – Bożena Romanowska-Dixon, Barbara Jakubowska 430
9. Intraocular lymphomas – Agnieszka Kubicka-Trząska 455
Epidemiology, classification, and clinical characteristics 455
Diagnosis 458
Imaging in intraocular lymphoma 459
Treatment 462
Prognosis 464
10. Retrobulbar Orbital Tumors – Jacek Składzień 467
Orbital anatomy 467
Diagnosing orbital tumor 471
Diagnosing and treatment orbital tumors 473
Imaging 474
Medical history 474
Selected orbital malignancies in the retrobulbar region 475
Dermoid cyst, epidermoid cyst and developmental cyst of the orbit 475
Cavernous hemangioma of the orbit 475
Capillary hemangioma 476
Lymphatic hemangioma of the orbit (venous-lymphatic malformation, vascular hamartoma) 476
Idiopathic orbital inflammation (IOI)(orbital ‘pseudotumorIgG-4’) 477
Astrocytoma (glioma) 477
Optic nerve meningioma 478
Lacrimal apparatus disorders 479
Metastases of orbital tumors 479
Surgical treatment 480
Summary – basic techniques for accessing tumors 488
Orbital exenteration 488
Rehabilitation after surgery 489
11. Radiotherapy of ocular and orbital tumors – Beata Sas-Korczyńska 493
Radiotherapy – characteristics 493
Interaction of ionizing radiation with matter 493
Energy and dose 496
Biological effects 496
Dose fractionation 497
External Beam Radiation Therapy (EBRT) 497
Brachytherapy 500
Radiotherapy of ocular and orbital tumors 501
Radiotherapy purpose and techniques 501
Radiation dose 502
Side effects in the radiotherapy of ocular and orbital tumors 504
Eyelid dermatitis 505
Conjunctivitis 505
Dry eye syndrome 505
Side effects in the cornea (keratopathy) 506
Cataract 506
Side effects on the iris 506
Side effects in the retina (retinopathy) 506
Optic neuropathy 507
Side effects in the sclera 507
Conclusion 507
12. Preparation of orbit material for histopathological examination – Jolanta Orłowska-Heitzman 511
13. Pathology of orbital tumors – Dariusz 515
Introduction 515
Non-cancerous orbital lesions 517
Most common types of orbital tumors and tumor-like lesions 519
Tumors of the optic nerve and its sheaths 519
Peripheral nerve tumors and other neurogenic tumors 522
Other neurogenic tumors 523
Tumors arising from the muscular or adipose tissue, fibrohistiocytic tumors, and other mesenchymal tumors 524
Osseous and chondral tumors and tumor-like lesions 525
Tumors and other proliferative lesions of the lymphatic, hematopoietic and histiocytic systems 527
Malignant secondary and metastatic orbital tumors 532
14. Experimental models to study metastasis in uveal melanoma – Martyna Elas 535
Cell culture and tumoroids 535
Animal models 536
CAM 536
Zebrafish 537
Rat, mouse and hamster 539
Rabbit 540
Transgenic models of UM 541
Conclusions 541
Index 545
