A study of the biology of Lipara Meigen 1830 flies inhabiting the apical part of stems of Phragmites australis Trinius ex Steudel 1841

• Druk: Lublin, 2012
• Autor: Maria Grochowska
• Wydawca: UMCS

W pracy opisano cykl życiowy wszystkich występujących w Polsce gatunków muchówek z rodzaju Lipara (L. lucens, L. similis, L. rufitarsis i L. pullitarsis). Opis każdego z nich zawiera szczegółowe informacje dotyczące wyboru miejsca na roślinie w okresie składania jaj, sposobu żerowania larw, rodzaju spożywanego pokarmu oraz budowy galasów. Etologia larw pierwszego i drugiego stadium, została po raz pierwszy opisana. Podano przyczyny opuszczania źdźbła wyłącznie przez jednego owada dorosłego. Wyjaśniono zjawisko występowania larw i poczwarek w galasach nietypowych dla własnego gatunku.
The book describes the life cycles of all species of Lipara flies (L. lucens, L. similis, L. rufitarsis and L. pullitarsis) occurring in Poland. The description of each species includes detailed information on the choice of locations for laying eggs on a reed stem, larval feeding behaviour, type of food consumed, and structure of galls. The etology of first- and second-instar larvae is presented for the first time. Explanation is given for the fact that only one adult Lipara individual leaves a stem. The causes underlying the occurrence of larvae and pupae in galls that are not typical of particular species are also explained.

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• Język wydania: angielski
• ISBN: 978-83-227-3305-9
• ISBN druku: 978-83-227-3305-9
• Liczba stron: 124

1. Introduction  11

2. Materials and methods 14

3. The host plant Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., 1841  27

4. The life cycle of Lipara Meigen, 1830 flies  32
4.1 Egg-laying  35
4.2 Larval etology and structure of galls  49
4.2.1 First-instar larvae  49
4.2.2 Second-instar larvae  52
4.2.2.1 General characteristics  52
4.2.2.2 L. lucens Meigen, 1830  57
4.2.2.3 L. similis Schiner, 1854  59
4.2.2.4 L. rufitarsis Loew, 1858  59
4.2.2.5 L. pullitarsis Doskočil & Chvála, 1971   60
4.2.3 Third-instar larvae  60
4.2.3.1 General characteristics  60
4.2.3.2 L. lucens  62
4.2.3.3 L. similis  65
4.2.3.4 L. rufitarsis  68
4.2.3.5 L. pullitarsis  70
4.2.4 Summary of findings 71
4.3 Pupae, empty puparia and imagines  72

5. The number of Lipara larvae in individual stems  73
5.1 Two Lipara larvae  73
5.2 More than two Lipara larvae  78
5.3 Summary of findings  80

6. Third-instar larvae, pupae and empty puparia in atypical galls  84
6.1 L. rufitarsis in a lucens-type gall  84
6.2 L. rufitarsis in a similis-type gall  87
6.3 L. pullitarsis in a lucens-type gall  89
6.4 L. pullitarsis in a similis-type gall  89

7. Inquillines  92

8. Analysis of results and discussion  93
8.1 Life cycle  93
8.2 Egg-laying  94
8.3 Larval etology, gall structure  97
8.4 Two or more Lipara larvae in one reed stem / Lipara species in non-typical galls  105
8.5 Lipara as sympatric species  107
8.6 Protection of common reed against herbivores  108
8.7 The efficacy of the action of monophagous insect species on common reed stems as an opportunity for targeted management of common reed resources under integrated pest management program (IPM)  110

9. Summary  113

10. References  115

11. List of tables  121

12. List of figures  123